Medicine of improvement, challenge to the purposes of Medicine?
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Published:
Jul 1, 2020
Keywords:
improvement medicine, enhancement, transhumanism, goals of medicine, medical act, bioethics
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Abstract
Improvement medicine challenges the traditional goals of the medical act based on therapeutics, and approaches transhumanist thinking. Nowadays, several modalities of improvement medicine are practiced with scientific endorsement, but their extremes apply in healthy subjects through enhancement must be reflected in order to not lose the true meaning of Medicine and the care in beneficence of the patient.
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Casas Martínez, M. de la L. (2020). Medicine of improvement, challenge to the purposes of Medicine?. Medicina Y Ética, 31(3), 589–626. https://doi.org/10.36105/mye.2020v31n3.03
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References
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6 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGERY. News. Accessed March 18, 2020. Available at: 1https: //www.plasticsurgery.org/
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8 ROHRICH, R. J., ADAMS, W. P., POTTER, J. K. A review of psychological outcomes and suicide in cosmetic breast augmentation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017; 119: 401-408.
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10 SCHLEIM, S., QUEDNOW, B. B. How realistic are the scientific assumptions of the debate on neurological improvement? Evaluation of hypotheses of neuro-stimulation prevalence and pharmacological optimism. Front. Pharmacol. 2018; 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3389 / fphar.2018.00003
11 NANCARROW, S. A., STAND, A., ARISS, S., SMITH, T., ENDERBY, P., ROOTS, A. Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work. Hum. Resour, Health. May 10, 2013, pp. 11-19. PMID: 23663329; PMID: PMC3662612. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-19
12 HANSON, M., CALLAHAN, D. The objectives of Medicine. Forgotten Problems in Health Care Reform. Hastings Center Studies. In: Ethics series. United States; 2000. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872003000900016
13 CASAS, MARÍA DE LA LUZ. Bioethical bases for decision making. Ed. Trillas: México; 2010, p. 32.
14 TED. The rebirth of our species. Consulted March 28, 2018. Available at: https: //www.youtube.com/results?Search_query=ted+talks+neil+harbissononMarch28, 2018.
15 GUTIÉRREZ, L. Kalaca Skull in 2018. Consulted March 25, 2019. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUmBxFGhUfk&t=5s
16 POLAINO-LORENTE, AQUILINO. The dignity of the person. In POLAINO-LORENTE, AQUILINO. Some issues around the Bioethics basis. 1997; 3rd ed.; p. 27. https://doi.org/10.5585/prismaj.v9i2.2398
17 PELLEGRINO, EDMUND. Biotechnology and the Human Good. Georgetown University Press: United States; 2007.
18 THOMAS ANDREOLI, E. The undermining of academic medicine. ProQuest: Washington; Nov / Dec 1999; 85(6): 32-37.
19 PELLEGRINO, E. Biotechnology, enhancement and goals of Medicine. Dignity. 2004; 10(4). Consulted March 2, 2019. Available at: https://cbhd.org/content/biotechnology-human-enhancement-and-ends-medicine
20 Op. cit.
21 KASS, LEON R. Regarding the end of medicine and the pursuit for health. United States: Public interest; 1995; 40: ll. PMID: 11662217
22 OTTOIS, GILBERT. Humanism, Transhumanism, Post humanism. Rev. Col. Bioet.2013; 8(2): 7. https://doi.org/10.18270/rcb.v8i2.797
23 BOSTROM, NICK. A history of transhumanist thought. In: Academic Writing across the Disciplines. Eds. MICHAEL RECTENWALD & LISA CARL; New York: Pearson Longman; 2011; p. 15
24 BOSTROM, NICK. Why I want to be a Post human When I Grow Up. Medical Enhancement and Post humanity. Eds. BERT GORDIJN AND RUTH CHADWICK. Uses Springer; 2008; p. 107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8852-0_8
25 HUMANITY + BOARD. Transhumanist Declaration. Accessed March 18, 2020. Available at: https://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-declaration/
26 BOSTROM, N. In defense of post human dignity. Bioethics. 2005; 19 (3): 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x
27 JONAS, H. The Principle of Responsibility: test of an ethics for the technological civilization. Barcelona: Herder; 1995. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k2sz
28 AUSTRIACO, N. Human nature as normative concept: relevance for health care. In: Handbook of the philosophy of medicine: Dordrecht, Springer Science + Business Media. 2015; pp. 1-10.
29 HERRERA-PAZ, EDWIN FRANCISCO. Population genetics and the origin of human diversity. 2013; 81(1).
30 BOSTROM, NICK, REBECCA, ROACHE. Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement. New Waves in Applied Ethics. Eds. JESPER RYBERG, THOMAS PETERSEN &. CLARK WOLF. 2008, p. 137.
31 BOSTROM, NICK, ROACHE, REBECCA. Ethical issues in human enhancement. In: J. RYBERG, T. PETERSEN AND C. WOLF (eds.). New Waves in Applied Ethics. Palgrave-Macmillan. 2008; pp. 120-152.
32 HASTING CENTER. The purposes of Medicine. Ed. Notebooks of the Fundación Víctor Grífols i Lucas: Barcelona; 2005.
33 MALMQVIST, E. Reproductive choice, enhancement, and the moral continuum argument. J. Med. Philos. 2014; 39(1): 41-54. PMID: 24334271. https://doi.org/10. 1093/jmp/ jht058
2 TETER SMITH, M. E., & FARAH, M. J. Are prescription stimulants «smart pills»? The epidemiology and cognitive neuroscience of prescription stimulant use by normal healthy individuals. Psychol. Bull.; 2011; 137(5): 717-741. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023825
3 CÉLIS, D. Sale of antidepressants in Mexico exceeds $180 million annually in 2015. Excelsior. Consulted March 9, 2019. Available at: https://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/2011/12/08/dario-celis/7927943
4 KIRSCH, I. AND SAPIRSTEIN, G. Lisent Prozac, but listen to placebo: a meta-analysis of antidepressants drugs. In: KIRSCH I. (ed.) How expectancies shape experience. 1999; pp. 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1037/10332-012
5 ELLIOT, ANTHONY. Anagrams. Medellín, Colombia. Volume 9, No. 18, pp. 145-164.
6 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGERY. News. Accessed March 18, 2020. Available at: 1https: //www.plasticsurgery.org/
7 SANSONE, R. A., SANSONE, L. A. Aesthetic surgery and psychological problems.Psychiatry (Edgmont). December 2007; 4(12): 65-68. PMID: 20436768; PMID:PMC2861519.
8 ROHRICH, R. J., ADAMS, W. P., POTTER, J. K. A review of psychological outcomes and suicide in cosmetic breast augmentation. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2017; 119: 401-408.
9 KREBS, GEORGINA ET AL. Recent advances in understanding and managing body dysmorphic disorder. Evid Based Mental Health. August 2017; 20(3): 71-72. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2017-102702
10 SCHLEIM, S., QUEDNOW, B. B. How realistic are the scientific assumptions of the debate on neurological improvement? Evaluation of hypotheses of neuro-stimulation prevalence and pharmacological optimism. Front. Pharmacol. 2018; 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3389 / fphar.2018.00003
11 NANCARROW, S. A., STAND, A., ARISS, S., SMITH, T., ENDERBY, P., ROOTS, A. Ten principles of good interdisciplinary team work. Hum. Resour, Health. May 10, 2013, pp. 11-19. PMID: 23663329; PMID: PMC3662612. https://doi.org/10.1186/1478-4491-11-19
12 HANSON, M., CALLAHAN, D. The objectives of Medicine. Forgotten Problems in Health Care Reform. Hastings Center Studies. In: Ethics series. United States; 2000. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0034-98872003000900016
13 CASAS, MARÍA DE LA LUZ. Bioethical bases for decision making. Ed. Trillas: México; 2010, p. 32.
14 TED. The rebirth of our species. Consulted March 28, 2018. Available at: https: //www.youtube.com/results?Search_query=ted+talks+neil+harbissononMarch28, 2018.
15 GUTIÉRREZ, L. Kalaca Skull in 2018. Consulted March 25, 2019. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gUmBxFGhUfk&t=5s
16 POLAINO-LORENTE, AQUILINO. The dignity of the person. In POLAINO-LORENTE, AQUILINO. Some issues around the Bioethics basis. 1997; 3rd ed.; p. 27. https://doi.org/10.5585/prismaj.v9i2.2398
17 PELLEGRINO, EDMUND. Biotechnology and the Human Good. Georgetown University Press: United States; 2007.
18 THOMAS ANDREOLI, E. The undermining of academic medicine. ProQuest: Washington; Nov / Dec 1999; 85(6): 32-37.
19 PELLEGRINO, E. Biotechnology, enhancement and goals of Medicine. Dignity. 2004; 10(4). Consulted March 2, 2019. Available at: https://cbhd.org/content/biotechnology-human-enhancement-and-ends-medicine
20 Op. cit.
21 KASS, LEON R. Regarding the end of medicine and the pursuit for health. United States: Public interest; 1995; 40: ll. PMID: 11662217
22 OTTOIS, GILBERT. Humanism, Transhumanism, Post humanism. Rev. Col. Bioet.2013; 8(2): 7. https://doi.org/10.18270/rcb.v8i2.797
23 BOSTROM, NICK. A history of transhumanist thought. In: Academic Writing across the Disciplines. Eds. MICHAEL RECTENWALD & LISA CARL; New York: Pearson Longman; 2011; p. 15
24 BOSTROM, NICK. Why I want to be a Post human When I Grow Up. Medical Enhancement and Post humanity. Eds. BERT GORDIJN AND RUTH CHADWICK. Uses Springer; 2008; p. 107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8852-0_8
25 HUMANITY + BOARD. Transhumanist Declaration. Accessed March 18, 2020. Available at: https://humanityplus.org/philosophy/transhumanist-declaration/
26 BOSTROM, N. In defense of post human dignity. Bioethics. 2005; 19 (3): 202-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8519.2005.00437.x
27 JONAS, H. The Principle of Responsibility: test of an ethics for the technological civilization. Barcelona: Herder; 1995. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvt9k2sz
28 AUSTRIACO, N. Human nature as normative concept: relevance for health care. In: Handbook of the philosophy of medicine: Dordrecht, Springer Science + Business Media. 2015; pp. 1-10.
29 HERRERA-PAZ, EDWIN FRANCISCO. Population genetics and the origin of human diversity. 2013; 81(1).
30 BOSTROM, NICK, REBECCA, ROACHE. Ethical Issues in Human Enhancement. New Waves in Applied Ethics. Eds. JESPER RYBERG, THOMAS PETERSEN &. CLARK WOLF. 2008, p. 137.
31 BOSTROM, NICK, ROACHE, REBECCA. Ethical issues in human enhancement. In: J. RYBERG, T. PETERSEN AND C. WOLF (eds.). New Waves in Applied Ethics. Palgrave-Macmillan. 2008; pp. 120-152.
32 HASTING CENTER. The purposes of Medicine. Ed. Notebooks of the Fundación Víctor Grífols i Lucas: Barcelona; 2005.
33 MALMQVIST, E. Reproductive choice, enhancement, and the moral continuum argument. J. Med. Philos. 2014; 39(1): 41-54. PMID: 24334271. https://doi.org/10. 1093/jmp/ jht058