Muscle Atrophy Secondary to Spinal Cord Injury: A Global Understanding
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36105/psrua.2025v5n10.03Palabras clave:
atrofia muscular, lesión medular, tratamientoResumen
Introducción: en el presente estudio se aborda una introducción al tema en cuestión. Las lesiones de la médula espinal se caracterizan por su repercusión en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, por lo tanto, resulta de particular interés comprender los mecanismos patológicos moleculares y genéticos fuertemente asociados al desarrollo de complicaciones musculares, tales como la atrofia. Estas complicaciones son características esenciales de las lesiones medulares, ocasionando restricciones adicionales en la movilidad y alteraciones sistémicas en el equilibrio celular. Objetivos: El propósito de la presente revisión es esclarecer los mecanismos moleculares e inflamatorios implicados en la atrofia muscular, contribuyendo así a la degeneración de las personas afectadas por lesiones de la médula espinal. En este estudio, se explorarán las opciones terapéuticas actuales con el objetivo de proporcionar un enfoque integral al estudio de la atrofia muscular en la lesión de la médula espinal y de identificar potenciales dianas terapéuticas. Métodos y materiales empleados: Este estudio constituye una revisión narrativa de la literatura, llevada a cabo mediante una exhaustiva investigación en línea en las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO y Web of Science, entre los meses de octubre de 2023 y enero de 2024. Se emplearon palabras clave como “lesión de la médula espinal”, “atrofia muscular”, “estrés oxidativo” y “músculo esquelético”, utilizando operadores booleanos para refinar la búsqueda. El presente estudio aborda un total de 48 estudios seleccionados mediante criterios específicos. Conclusiones: La atrofia muscular posterior a la lesión medular se caracteriza por la interrupción de las señales motoras, lo que resulta en la afectación de las uniones neuromusculares, un desequilibrio en el calcio y la activación de vías de muerte celular y degradación de proteínas. El incremento de los factores inflamatorios estimula el catabolismo a través de la inhibición de la síntesis de proteínas y la activación de los genes reguladores de la degradación muscular, tales como MuRF1 y MAFbx. Las enzimas dependientes de calcio contribuyen a la degradación de las proteínas, lo que resulta en una pérdida progresiva de la masa muscular. Los hallazgos subrayan la relevancia de las intervenciones multidisciplinarias tempranas, que integran estrategias farmacológicas, de rehabilitación y moleculares, con el propósito de preservar la función muscular y optimizar los resultados en individuos con lesión medular.
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